Smith & Hemenway Company

Table of Contents

Introduction

The Smith & Hemenway Company were importers, sales agents, and manufacturers operating primarily in New York City. The company is notable for being the first sales agent for the Utica Drop Forge & Tool Company.

Company History

The Smith & Hemenway Company (S&H) was founded in 1898 by Landon P. Smith and John Francis Hemenway. The company operated as a manufacturer and importer of hardware items, with offices in New York City and a factory in Irvington, New Jersey. One of the company founders, Landon P. Smith, was a notable inventor with a number of patents for pliers and glass-repair tools.

Sales Agents

The company also acted as sales agents for other manufacturers.

Fig. 1. 1901 Advertisement for Smith & Hemenway Pliers. [External Link].

Fig. 1 shows an ad for a crimping tool and side-cutting pliers, as published on page 17 of the May 10, 1901 issue of Hardware.

Note that the text of the ad mentions Utica Drop Forge & Tool, indicating that S&H were already agents for Utica.

Fig. 2. 1901 Advertisement for Smith & Hemenway Tool. [External Link].

Fig. 2 shows an ad for a wider variety of tools and hardware, as published on page 118 of the October 10, 1901 issue of Hardware

The illustration shows several types of pliers, glass cutters, several knives, a nail puller, and other items.

Note the use of the Utica 3-Ovals trademark at the top, making this one of the earliest published examples of this mark. (See our article on Utica Drop Forge & Tool for more information.)

"Green Book" Catalogs

Early advertisements for S&H often mention a "Green Book of Hardware Specialties", which was a catalog of the various products offered by the company. (See the figures above for examples.) These catalogs were frequently mentioned in the trade press and appeared to be quite popular, with notes stating that a particular edition was available, or that copies had been exhausted but a new edition was on the way.

If available these catalogs would offer a valuable snapshot of early Utica products, but unfortunately very few copies appear to have survived. If any of our readers have a "Green Book", please consider scanning it and sending it to the ITCL.

The Irvington Manufacturing Company

From its early years Smith & Hemenway had a close association with the Irvington Manufacturing Company, a maker of pliers, tools, and other hardware items located in Irvington, New Jersey. One of the founders of S&H, John F. Hemenway, held positions of secretary, treasurer, and director with both S&H and Irvington Manufacturing.

Based on this association, it's likely that Irvington Manufacturing was a major supplier and manufacturing partner for S&H from the beginning.

At some later point the two companies apparently merged, although we haven't found the exact date. However, a 1916 notice in a trade publication noted that S&H was moving its executive offices to 130 Coit Street in Irvington "where their factory is located".

Early Diagonal Cutters

Fig. 3A. 1912 Catalog Listing for Diagonal Cutters.

Smith & Hemenway were early suppliers of diagonal cutting pliers, a style that later became one of the most important cutting pliers.

The scan in Fig. 3A shows a catalog listing for No. 842 and No. 342 box-joint diagonal cutters, as published on page 36 of the 1912 Edition of the "Green Book" catalog.

Note that the description identifies the No. 342 pliers as a product of F.E. Lindström, a well known maker of tools operating in Eskilstuna, Sweden.

In 1909 Utica had offered No. 842 pliers matching the illustration here, with a stamped note that they were imported but no further information on the origin. The matching illustrations and the use of Utica's No. 842 for the S&H model strongly suggest that Lindström was the source of the Utica pliers as well.

The "Red Devil" Brand

Tools from Smith & Hemenway were frequently marked with the "Red Devil" trademark, either with or without the company name or "S. & H." initials.

Fig. 3. 1917 Notice for Red Devil Pliers. [External Link].

Fig. 3 shows a notice describing the features of Red Devil combination pliers, as published on page 41 of the October 15, 1917 issue of The Horseless Age.

The text notes the company address as 130 Coit Street in Irvington, New Jersey.

Acquisition by Crescent Tool

By January of 1926 John F. Hemenway had retired and his interest in Smith & Hemenway had been purchased by Landon P. Smith. A notice to this effect can be found on page 28 [External Link] of the January, 1926 issue of The Automotive Manufacturer.

By later in 1926 Smith & Hemenway had been acquired by the Crescent Tool Company of Jamestown, New York. Production of the S & H line continued under Crescent for a number of years, and the S & H tools were listed in the Crescent catalogs, beginning with catalog No. 17 in mid 1926.

Patents

Trademarks

Smith & Hemenway used the "Red Devil" trademark extensively in their advertisements and catalogs, and as a brand on their tools.

References and Resources

Photographs and observations of particular tools are based on items in the Alloy Artifacts collection.

Catalog Coverage

For a number of years Smith & Hemenway published a catalog called the "Green Book". These publications began before 1900 and came out in multiple editions, and at least some were in loose-leaf format and not dated. However, since there are numerous notices for these catalogs in publications of the time, we have been able to compile an estimated release date for the various editions. We hope this will be useful for readers who happen to have a copy.

We have a scanned copy of the Sixth Edition of the Green Book (downloaded as a PDF), plus an illustrated price list from 1914.

Crescent Tool included the full S&H product line in their catalog No. 17, which was published in 1926 shortly after acquiring S&H.

Industrial Distributors

Smith & Hemenway tools were sold through various industrial distributors, and the catalogs of these companies provide descriptions and illustrations of the tools available at that time.

• Buhl Sons Company 1918. The 1918 catalog from the Buhl Sons Company of Detroit lists a "Red Devil" nail puller on page 292, IMCO button pliers on page 340, and "Red Devil" No. 1226 pliers on page 344.

Pliers and Nippers

Button's Pattern Pliers

Smith & Hemenway "Sure Grip" 8 Inch Button's Pattern Pliers

Fig. 4. Smith & Hemenway "Sure Grip" 8 Inch Button's Pattern Pliers, with Insets for Side View and Back Side Detail, ca. 1901-1910.

Fig. 4 shows an early pair of Smith & Hemenway "Sure Grip" 8 inch Button's pattern pliers, marked "S.H. Co." and "Sure Grip" on one side, with a "Pat'd Feb. 5, 01" patent notice on the back side.

The overall length is 8.1 inches, and the finish is plain steel.

The patent date corresponds to patent #667,411, issued to S.S. Vaughan et al in 1901, with assignment to Vaughan & Bushnell Manufacturing. The patent describes a limit mechanism to bring the wire-cutting slots into alignment, as a convenience for one-handed operation.

Red Devil 999 8 Inch Universal Button's Pliers

Fig. 5. Red Devil 999 8 Inch Universal Button's Pliers, with Insets for Side View and Construction Detail, ca. 1910 to 1920s.

Fig. 5 shows a pair of Red Devil 999 8 inch "universal" Button's pliers, stamped with "Red Devil" and "S&H Co. U.S.A." near the pivot.

The overall length is 8.3 inches, and the finish is plain steel, with pitting due to rust.

The middle left inset shows a close-up of the jaws. Note that the center cutting slot is nearly at a right angle to the face of the pliers, a construction detail also noted in Kraeuter's Button Pattern pliers. Most other makers place the center slot at an angle, including the original J.M. King Button pliers.

The jaws of these pliers provide gripping areas for flat, square, and rounded objects.

Red Devil [1000-8] 8 Inch Button's Pattern Pliers

Fig. 6. Red Devil [1000-8] 8 Inch Button's Pattern Pliers, with Insets for Side View, Construction, and Marking Detail, ca. 1905-1915.

Fig. 6 shows an early pair of Red Devil [1000-8] 8 inch Button's Pattern pliers, stamped "S&H Co." and "N.Y. U.S.A." around the pivot, with "Red Devil" and "Trade Mark" across the center (see middle right inset).

The overall length is 8.3 inches, and the finish is plain steel, with pitting due to rust.

The middle left inset shows a close-up of the jaws. Note that the center cutting slot is at a right angle to the face of the pliers, a construction detail also noted in Kraeuter's Button Pattern pliers. Most other makers place the center slot at an angle, including the original J.M. King Button pliers.

Another detail to note is that the angled sides of the nose have been ground flat and terminate abruptly over the pivot area. This construction detail differs from the Kraeuter examples, which have the outer sides ground to a convex surface, with a smooth transition over the pivot area.

The "N.Y. U.S.A." marking provides an important clue to the production date. In their earlier years the company listed an address in New York City, but from around 1917 onward, Smith & Hemenway listed their address in Irvington, New Jersey. Thus these pliers are probably of earlier production.

The S. & H. button's pliers are generally similar to examples made by Kraeuter, but the flat sides to the nose provide a distinctive difference. An example of a similar Kraeuter model can be seen as the Kraeuter 1841-8 Pliers.

Red Devil 1000 10 Inch Button's Pattern Pliers

Fig. 7. Red Devil 1000 10 Inch Button's Pattern Pliers, with Insets for Side View, Construction, and Marking Detail.

Fig. 7 shows a pair of Red Devil 1000 10 inch Button's Pattern pliers, stamped "S&H Co." and "U.S.A." near the pivot.

The overall length is 9.9 inches, and the finish is plain steel.

The middle left inset shows a close-up of the jaws. Note that the center cutting slot is at a right angle to the face of the pliers, a construction detail also noted in Kraeuter's Button Pattern pliers. Most other makers place the center slot at an angle, including the original J.M. King Button pliers.

Another detail to note is that the angled sides of the nose have been ground flat and terminate abruptly over the pivot area. This construction detail differs from the Kraeuter examples, which have the outer sides ground to a convex surface, with a smooth transition over the pivot area.

The S. & H. button's pliers are generally similar to examples made by Kraeuter, but the flat sides to the nose provide a distinctive difference. An example of a similar Kraeuter model can be seen as the Kraeuter 1841-10 Pliers.

Lineman's Pliers

Red Devil [50] 6 Inch Lineman's Pliers

Fig. 8. Red Devil [50] 6 Inch Lineman's Pliers, with Insets for Back Side, Side View and Marking Detail, ca. Late 1910s.

Fig. 8 shows a pair of Red Devil [50] 6 inch lineman's pliers, stamped with "Red D[evil]" and "S.H. [Co.] U.S.A." across the pivot.

The overall length is 6.2 inches, and the finish is black oxide.

The markings on the pliers are worn and we didn't find a model number, but the pliers resemble the No. 50 lineman's pliers.

Red Devil 1050 7 Inch Lineman's Pliers

Fig. 9. Red Devil 1050 7 Inch Lineman's Pliers, with Insets for Side View and Back Side Detail.

Fig. 9 shows a pair of Red Devil 1050 7 inch lineman's pliers, stamped with the brand and model near the pivot.

The overall length is 7.2 inches, and the finish is plain steel.

Red Devil 1950-8 8 Inch Lineman's Pliers

Fig. 10. Red Devil 1950-8 8 Inch Lineman's Pliers, with Insets for Back Side and Side View.

Fig. 10 shows a pair of Red Devil 1950-8 8 inch lineman's pliers, stamped with the brand and model.

The overall length is 8.3 inches, and the finish is plain steel.

Slip-Joint Pliers

Red Devil 925[-6½] 6.5 Inch Slip-Joint Combination Pliers

The next two figures show examples of the Red Devil 925 series of combination pliers. The 1914 S&H catalog offered the 925 pliers in sizes 6.5, 8, and 10 inches, at net prices of $2.75, $3.50, and 4.25, respectively — per dozen!

Fig. 11. Red Devil 925[-6½] 6.5 Inch Slip-Joint Combination Pliers, with Insets for Side View and Marking Detail, ca. 1912-1920.

Fig. 11 shows a pair of Red Devil 925[-6] 6 inch combination pliers, stamped with "Red Devil" and the model number near the pivot. The handles are marked with "U.S.A." on a shield in the dimpled gripping pattern, with "Forged Steel" forged into the undersides.

The overall length is 6.6 inches, and the finish is nickel plating, with extensive losses due to wear and rust.

These are heavy, well-built pliers with numerous features to earn their rating as "combination pliers". The jaws include two gripping areas for round objects, plus a V-groove for holding small pins (see lower inset). There's also a slot for cutting wire, and the end of one handle is flattened for use as a screwdriver or light-duty prybar.

Readers familiar with Kraeuter & Company will recognize the similarity of the handle pattern and forged markings of these pliers with the early Kraeuter production. Kraeuter used a dimpled field with a diamond in the center instead of the shield, and the Kraeuter "Forged Steel" markings are nearly identical. An example of the equivalent Kraeuter model can be seen as the Kraeuter 356-6 Combination Pliers. Based on the close similarity, it's likely that Kraeuter made these pliers as contract production for S&H.

Red Devil 925-10 10 Inch Combination Pliers

Fig. 12. Red Devil 925-10 10 Inch Combination Pliers, with Insets for Side View and Marking Detail, ca. 1912-1920.

Fig. 12 shows a pair of Red Devil 925-10 10 inch combination pliers, marked "U.S.A." on the handle with "Forged Steel" on the underside.

The overall length is 9.9 inches, and the finish is nickel plating.

These are heavy, well-built pliers with numerous features to earn their rating as "combination pliers". The jaws include two gripping areas for round objects, plus a V-groove for holding small pins (see lower inset). There's also a slot for cutting wire, and the end of one handle is flattened for use as a screwdriver or light-duty prybar.

Readers familiar with Kraeuter & Company will recognize the similarity of the handle pattern and forged markings of these pliers with the early Kraeuter production. Kraeuter used a dimpled field with a diamond in the center instead of the shield, and the Kraeuter "Forged Steel" markings are nearly identical. An example of a similar but smaller Kraeuter model can be seen as the Kraeuter 356-8 Combination Pliers. Based on the close similarity, it's likely that Kraeuter made these pliers as contract production for S&H.

Red Devil 444-7½ "Giant Grip" Slip-Joint Combination Pliers

Fig. 13. Red Devil 444-7½ "Giant Grip" Slip-Joint Combination Pliers, with Insets for Side View and Marking Detail.

Fig. 13 shows a pair of Red Devil 444-7½ "Giant Grip" slip-joint combination pliers, marked "Red Devil" and "Giant Grip" near the pivot, with "Pat. Appld For" below.

The overall length is 7.7 inches, and the finish is plain steel, with extensive pitting due to rust.

Other Pliers

Red Devil 1906 Fencing Pliers

Fig. 14. Red Devil 1906 Fencing Pliers, with Insets for Side View and Jaw Detail.

Fig. 14 shows a pair of Red Devil 1906 fencing pliers, marked "S.&H. Co. U.S.A." near the pivot.

The overall length is 10.3 inches, and the finish is plain steel.

Other S&H Tools

Smith & Hemenway made a wide variety of tools in addition to pliers, including nail pullers, tack claws, chain drills, wire clamps, wire pullers, screwdrivers, ice picks, auger bits, hacksaws, glass cutters, chisels, punches, and lock washers.

By 1922 the company was even offering Crescent-style adjustable wrenches.

Socket Sets

By the early 1920s Smith & Hemenway were offering pressed-steel socket sets.

Fig. 15. 1922 Notice for Smith & Hemenway Red Devil Socket Set. [External Link]

Fig. 15 shows a notice for a Red Devil socket set, as published on page 714 of the January, 1922 edition of Hardware Dealers' Magazine.

The text describes the company's No. 1973 socket set.

The distinctive ratchet in the illustration allows us to identify the maker of this set as the Syracuse Wrench Company. An example of a similar set can be seen in the next figure.

Smith & Hemenway No. 1971 Pressed-Steel Socket Set

Although Smith & Hemenway was not generally known as a maker of automotive service tools, this next figure shows that the company did offer socket sets at some point.

Fig. 16. Smith & Hemenway No. 1971 Pressed-Steel Socket Set, ca. Early 1920s.

Fig. 16 shows a Smith & Hemenway No. 1971 pressed-steel socket set in a wooden box, consisting of a ratchet, drive plug, a square socket, and five hex sockets.

The inside cover has the original printed label for the set, indicating that this was a "Ford Car Special Set", and giving the sizes of the sockets.

In addition, a second tag identifies "L. Polstein Hardware" as the store where the set was purchased, and even shows the $2.25 sales price.

The set as acquired had a mix of socket sizes, with only two sockets matching the sizes specified on the label. Both of these sockets were marked with the Mossberg M-Diamond logo, suggesting that the set may have been supplied with Mossberg sockets. (Since the Frank Mossberg Company was the leading maker of pressed-steel socket sets, their sockets were inexpensive and widely available.)

The set as shown includes Mossberg sockets (plus one unmarked) with sizes, from the left, 15/32, 17/32, 21/32, 23/32, 25/32, and 19/32 (square).

Readers should keep in mind that pressed-steel sockets were specified 1/32 oversize, so that the sockets in this set were intended to fit nut sizes 7/16, 1/2, 5/8, 11/16, 3/4, and 9/16 square. An explanation of this convention can be found in the section on Pressed-Steel Socket Sizes.

The ratchet in this set has a distinctive design, with a finely toothed drive gear mounted in a spring-loaded pivoting carrier. The ratchet design has allowed us to identify this set as being made by the Syracuse Wrench Company, which referred to this model as the "Ford Special Wrench Set". An example of this ratchet model from a Syracuse Wrench No. 2 "Champion" socket set can be seen as the Syracuse Wrench Fine-Tooth Ratchet. (See our article on the Syracuse Wrench Company for more information.)

Our estimate of the manufacturing date of this set is based primarily on the published notice above for S&H socket sets, which suggests that the company began offering them shortly before 1922. Syracuse Wrench itself is known to have produced pressed-steel socket sets with this ratchet design from 1915 onward.

Smith & Hemenway 1/2-Drive Ratchet

Fig. 17. Smith & Hemenway 1/2-Drive Ratchet From No. 1971 Socket Set, with Inset for Side View, ca. Early 1920s.

Fig. 17 shows the 1/2-drive ratchet from the Smith & Hemenway No. 1971 set, unmarked except for a "775" code forged into the end of the shank.

The ratchet is constructed with a forged steel handle, and a sheet metal carrier holds the drive gear in contact with the pawl. In operation, the drive gear and carrier assembly pivots around an anchor pin, with a spring to provide tension. The drive gear is notable for the relatively fine teeth, a feature not often seen in early ratchets of this type.

This ratchet design has been identified as a product of the Syracuse Wrench Company, which used this ratchet model in a number of their own socket sets. An example of this ratchet model from a Syracuse Wrench No. 2 "Champion" socket set can be seen as the Syracuse Wrench Fine-Tooth Ratchet. The distinctive design suggests that it may have been described by a patent filing, although no patent notice is marked, and no patent has been found.

Irvington Manufacturing Company

The Irvington Manufacturing Company was a maker of pliers (and possibly other tools) operating in Irvington, New Jersey during the early 1900s. The company had a close relationship with Smith & Hemenway, as John F. Hemenway was an officer and director of both companies.

Irvington Manufacturing is believed to have been the primary manufacturer for S&H, and by 1916 the two companies had formally merged.

Fig. 18. 1909 Advertisement for Irvington Manufacturing Company. [External Link].

Fig. 18 shows an ad for the Irvington Manufacturing Company, as published on page 250 of the March 4, 1909 issue of The Iron Age.

Irvington Manufacturing appears to have used several different markings for its tools. Tools may be marked with the company name, with "Irvington" in a diamond logo, or with "IMCO" in a diamond.

Irvington Manufacturing 5 Inch Button's Pattern Pliers

Fig. 19. Irvington Manufacturing 5 Inch Button's Pattern Pliers, with Inset for Side View and Marking Detail, ca. Early 1900s.

Fig. 19 shows a pair of Irvington Manufacturing 5 inch Button's Pattern pliers, stamped with "Irvington Mfg. Co." near the pivot.

The overall length is 5.0 inches, and the finish is plain steel.

IMCO No. 3700 7 Inch Lineman's Universal Pliers

Fig. 20. IMCO No. 3700 7 Inch Linemans's Universal Pliers, with Insets for Top View and Back Side Detail, ca. 1905-1915.

Fig. 20 shows a pair of IMCO No. 3700 7 inch lineman's universal pliers, stamped with "IMCO" in a diamond logo across the pivot.

The overall length is 7.3 inches, and the finish is plain steel.